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PostgreSQL12.5中分区表的一些操作实例

数据库
2023-07-21

PostgreSQL支持通过表继承进行分区,下面这篇文章主要给大家介绍了关于PostgreSQL12.5中分区表的一些操作的相关资料,文中通过实例代码介绍的非常详细,需要的朋友可以参考下

1、创建一个有DEFAULT的分区表

1、先创建主表

create table tbl_log
(
    id          serial,
    create_time timestamp(0) without time zone,
    remark      char(1)
) PARTITION BY RANGE (create_time);
#因为是serial类型，自增的所以会自动创建一个序列
postgres=# \d
                   List of relations
 Schema |      Name      |       Type        |  Owner   
--------+----------------+-------------------+----------
 public | tbl_log        | partitioned table | postgres
 public | tbl_log_id_seq | sequence          | postgres
(7 rows)

2、如果没有创建分区就直接插入数据会报错

postgres=# INSERT INTO tbl_log(id, create_time, remark) VALUES (1, '2018-02-01', 'a');
ERROR:  no partition of relation "tbl_log" found for row
DETAIL:  Partition key of the failing row contains (create_time) = (2018-02-01 00:00:00).
postgres=#

3、创建分区

#包括左边1.1，不包括2.1
CREATE TABLE tbl_log_p201801 PARTITION OF tbl_log FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-01-01') TO ('2018-02-01');
CREATE TABLE tbl_log_p201802 PARTITION OF tbl_log FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-02-01') TO ('2018-03-01');
CREATE TABLE tbl_log_p201803 PARTITION OF tbl_log FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-03-01') TO ('2018-04-01');
CREATE TABLE tbl_log_default PARTITION OF tbl_log DEFAULT;
INSERT INTO tbl_log(id, create_time, remark) VALUES (1, '2018-02-01', 'a');
INSERT INTO tbl_log(id, create_time, remark) VALUES (2, '2018-03-01', 'b');
INSERT INTO tbl_log(id, create_time, remark) VALUES (3, '2018-04-01', 'd');
INSERT INTO tbl_log(id, create_time, remark) VALUES (4, '2020-07-01', 'c');

4、查看分区情况

postgres=# select * from tbl_log;
 id |     create_time     | remark 
----+---------------------+--------
  1 | 2018-02-01 00:00:00 | a
  2 | 2018-03-01 00:00:00 | b
  3 | 2018-04-01 00:00:00 | d
  4 | 2020-07-01 00:00:00 | c
(4 rows)
postgres=# select * from tbl_log_p201801;
 id | create_time | remark 
----+-------------+--------
(0 rows)
postgres=# select * from tbl_log_p201802;
 id |     create_time     | remark 
----+---------------------+--------
  1 | 2018-02-01 00:00:00 | a
(1 row)
postgres=# select * from tbl_log_p201803;
 id |     create_time     | remark 
----+---------------------+--------
  2 | 2018-03-01 00:00:00 | b
(1 row)
                      
postgres=# select * from tbl_log_default; 
 id |     create_time     | remark 
----+---------------------+--------
  3 | 2018-04-01 00:00:00 | d
  4 | 2020-07-01 00:00:00 | c
(2 rows)
postgres=#

2、有default 分区，再加分区

因为有default 分区，再加分区，所以会报错

postgres=# CREATE TABLE tbl_log_p201804 PARTITION OF tbl_log FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-04-01') TO ('2018-05-01');
ERROR:  updated partition constraint for default partition "tbl_log_default" would be violated by some row

解决办法：

以上添加分区报错，需要解绑default分区，之后再添加，如下

1、解绑Default分区

postgres=# ALTER TABLE tbl_log DETACH PARTITION tbl_log_default;
ALTER TABLE

2、创建想要的分区

postgres=# CREATE TABLE tbl_log_p201804 PARTITION OF tbl_log FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-04-01') TO ('2018-05-01');
CREATE TABLE

3、分区创建成功，分区创建之后需把DEFAULT分区连接。

连接DEFAULT分区报错，如下:

postgres=# ALTER TABLE tbl_log ATTACH PARTITION tbl_log_default DEFAULT;
ERROR:  partition constraint is violated by some row
postgres=# INSERT INTO tbl_log_p201804 SELECT * FROM tbl_log_default;
ERROR:  new row for relation "tbl_log_p201804" violates partition constraint
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (4, 2020-07-01 00:00:00, c).

因为tbl_log_default分区内有2018-04-01的数据，把这个数据从tbl_log_default中导出到对应的分区，并清理tbl_log_default中的对应的数据

postgres=# INSERT INTO tbl_log_p201804 SELECT * FROM tbl_log_default where create_time>='2018-04-01' and create_time<'2018-05-01';
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# delete from tbl_log_default where create_time>='2018-04-01' and create_time<'2018-05-01';
DELETE 1

4、再次连接DEFAULT分区成功

postgres=# ALTER TABLE tbl_log ATTACH PARTITION tbl_log_default DEFAULT;
ALTER TABLE

3、没有default的分区

创建没有default的分区，当插入的数据超过规划好的分区的时候会报错

1、创建1月份分区

create table tbl_log2
(
    id          serial,
    create_time timestamp(0) without time zone,
    remark      char(1)
) PARTITION BY RANGE (create_time);
CREATE TABLE tbl_log2_p201801 PARTITION OF tbl_log2 FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-01-01') TO ('2018-02-01');

插入2月的数据就会报错

postgres=# INSERT INTO tbl_log2(id, create_time, remark) VALUES (1, '2018-01-01', 'a');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# INSERT INTO tbl_log2(id, create_time, remark) VALUES (1, '2018-02-01', 'a');
ERROR:  no partition of relation "tbl_log2" found for row
DETAIL:  Partition key of the failing row contains (create_time) = (2018-02-01 00:00:00).

4、给分区表ddl

4.1、在原来没有主键的分区表加主键

结论：

1、在主表加主键，主键为仅仅想要的主键，会报错，需要用想要的主键+分区键组合为主键

2、分区表可以单独添加主键

1.1、在主表加主键，主键为仅仅想要的主键，报错如下 must include all partitioning columns

postgres=# alter table tbl_log add primary key(id);
ERROR:  unique constraint on partitioned table must include all partitioning columns
DETAIL:  PRIMARY KEY constraint on table "tbl_log" lacks column "create_time" which is part of the partition key.
postgres=# alter table tbl_log add primary key(id)

1.2、在主表添加主键需要是想要的主键+分区键

postgres=# alter table tbl_log add primary key (id,create_time);
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d tbl_log
                                    Partitioned table "public.tbl_log"
   Column    |              Type              | Collation | Nullable |               Default               
-------------+--------------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------
 id          | integer                        |           | not null | nextval('tbl_log_id_seq'::regclass)
 create_time | timestamp(0) without time zone |           | not null | 
 remark      | character(1)                   |           |          | 
 name        | character varying(2)           |           |          | 
Partition key: RANGE (create_time)
Indexes:
    "tbl_log_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id, create_time)
Number of partitions: 5 (Use \d+ to list them.)
postgres=# \d tbl_log_p201801
                                      Table "public.tbl_log_p201801"
   Column    |              Type              | Collation | Nullable |               Default               
-------------+--------------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------
 id          | integer                        |           | not null | nextval('tbl_log_id_seq'::regclass)
 create_time | timestamp(0) without time zone |           | not null | 
 remark      | character(1)                   |           |          | 
 name        | character varying(2)           |           |          | 
Partition of: tbl_log FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-01-01 00:00:00') TO ('2018-02-01 00:00:00')
Indexes:
    "tbl_log_p201801_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id, create_time)

1.3、可以给分区表单独添加主键

postgres=# alter table tbl_log_p201801 add primary key (id);
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d tbl_log_p201801
                                      Table "public.tbl_log_p201801"
   Column    |              Type              | Collation | Nullable |               Default               
-------------+--------------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------
 id          | integer                        |           | not null | nextval('tbl_log_id_seq'::regclass)
 create_time | timestamp(0) without time zone |           |          | 
 remark      | character(1)                   |           |          | 
 name        | character varying(2)           |           |          | 
Partition of: tbl_log FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-01-01 00:00:00') TO ('2018-02-01 00:00:00')
Indexes:
    "tbl_log_p201801_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
postgres=#

4.2、创建分区表时，就指定主键

主键不包括分区键，报错提示must include all partitioning columns

create table tbl_log2
(
    id          int,
    create_time timestamp(0) without time zone,
    remark      char(1),
    primary key (id)
);
ERROR:  unique constraint on partitioned table must include all partitioning columns
DETAIL:  PRIMARY KEY constraint on table "tbl_log2" lacks column "create_time" which is part of the partition key.

修改语句，添加分区键也为主键，创建成功

create table tbl_log2
(
    id          int,
    create_time timestamp(0) without time zone,
    remark      char(1),
    primary key (id,create_time)
) PARTITION BY RANGE (create_time);
CREATE TABLE

4.3、分区表加字段，修改字段

1、加字段，可以成功添加，在主表加字段，分区表会自动添加

postgres=# alter table tbl_log add name varchar(2);
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d tbl_log;
                                    Partitioned table "public.tbl_log"
   Column    |              Type              | Collation | Nullable |               Default               
-------------+--------------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------
 id          | integer                        |           | not null | nextval('tbl_log_id_seq'::regclass)
 create_time | timestamp(0) without time zone |           |          | 
 remark      | character(1)                   |           |          | 
 name        | character varying(2)           |           |          | 
Partition key: RANGE (create_time)
Number of partitions: 5 (Use \d+ to list them.)
postgres=# \d tbl_log_p201801;                     
                                      Table "public.tbl_log_p201801"
   Column    |              Type              | Collation | Nullable |               Default               
-------------+--------------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------
 id          | integer                        |           | not null | nextval('tbl_log_id_seq'::regclass)
 create_time | timestamp(0) without time zone |           |          | 
 remark      | character(1)                   |           |          | 
 name        | character varying(2)           |           |          | 
Partition of: tbl_log FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-01-01 00:00:00') TO ('2018-02-01 00:00:00')

2、直接在分区表加字段会报错

postgres=# alter table tbl_log_p201801 add name2 varchar(2);
ERROR:  cannot add column to a partition

3、修改字段

postgres=# alter table tbl_log  alter column remark type varchar(10);
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d tbl_log;
                                    Partitioned table "public.tbl_log"
   Column    |              Type              | Collation | Nullable |               Default               
-------------+--------------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------
 id          | integer                        |           | not null | nextval('tbl_log_id_seq'::regclass)
 create_time | timestamp(0) without time zone |           | not null | 
 remark      | character varying(10)          |           |          | 
 name        | character varying(2)           |           |          | 
Partition key: RANGE (create_time)
Indexes:
    "tbl_log_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id, create_time)
Number of partitions: 5 (Use \d+ to list them.)
postgres=# \d tbl_log_p201801
                                      Table "public.tbl_log_p201801"
   Column    |              Type              | Collation | Nullable |               Default               
-------------+--------------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------
 id          | integer                        |           | not null | nextval('tbl_log_id_seq'::regclass)
 create_time | timestamp(0) without time zone |           | not null | 
 remark      | character varying(10)          |           |          | 
 name        | character varying(2)           |           |          | 
Partition of: tbl_log FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-01-01 00:00:00') TO ('2018-02-01 00:00:00')
Indexes:
    "tbl_log_p201801_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id, create_time)
postgres=#

总结

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本文标题为：PostgreSQL12.5中分区表的一些操作实例

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